La  història dels tractaments dentals  es remunta a milers d'anys. L'abast d'aquest article es limita a la  història  anterior a 1981. El primer exemple conegut de manipulació de  la càries dental  es troba en un home  paleolític , datat entre 14.160 i 13.820  aC . El primer ús conegut d'un  farcit  després de l'eliminació de  la polpa  deteriorada o infectada es troba en un paleolític que va viure prop de l'actual  Toscana , Itàlia, entre 13.000 i 12.740 aC. Encara que no só

Highlights Bacteria trigger extracellular alkalinization to prime defenses in uninfected tissues CPKs phosphorylate and inhibit plasma membrane proton pumps to induce alkalinization Alkaline pH sensitizes perception and production of the phytocytokines Peps and SCOOPs Phytocytokines and alkalinization jointly propagate to promote cell-cell communication Summary Immune activation in plants triggers extracellular alkalinization, presumably by inhibiting plasma membrane H+-ATPas

Highlights Dietary variables had the largest effect on microbiota composition Rustic and conventional rearing conditions led to differential microbiota profiles Rustic rearing favoured  Treponema -enriched, more-diverse microbial profiles Enterotypes were associated with husbandry conditions and faecal water content Underexplored taxa contributed to  in vitro  fibre fermentation and SCFA production Abstract The gut microbiota is shaped profoundly by the diet, environment, and

Highlights Most mutations occurred in genes associated with WTA glycosylation. All mutants exhibited impaired P100 phage binding. Gene mutation patterns appeared serovar-dependent. Serovar 4b-derived mutants showed greater fitness loss than 2a or 2b. Phage-resistance induction led to increased antibiotics sensitivity. Abstract Listeria monocytogenes  is a common bacterial pathogen causing listeriosis. Phage-based products are increasingly used in food safety, but their use ra

Highlights E. bolteae  is enriched in HCC patient feces and correlates with poor prognosis E. bolteae  translocates to the liver and promotes the progression of HCC E. bolteae  surface protein PbpT subverts DSG1 function, thereby activating MAPK signaling Neutralizing antibodies against PbpT suppress tumor growth in murine models Summary The gut microbiota regulates systemic metabolism, inflammation, and immunity, with evidence linking microbiota translocation through the gut

Highlights Virome functions as an independent regulator of small intestinal nutrient sensing Virome elicits distinct responses across different intestinal cell types Virome regulation of carbohydrate sensing depends on immune surveillance Summary The enteric microbiome and nutrient sensing within the small intestine play critical roles in maintaining host metabolic homeostasis. Although various bacteria and some fungi have established functions in nutrient metabolism, the rol

Highlights SCFAs function as gut-derived epigenetic regulators, bridging dietary fiber metabolism to brain-wide chromatin remodeling in neurodegenerative diseases. Butyrate acts as a potent HDAC inhibitor, enhancing histone acetylation to suppress neuroinflammation and promote synaptic plasticity in AD and PD models. SCFAs modulate DNA methylation dynamics via TET-DNMT balance, correcting aberrant gene expression linked to Aβ and α-synuclein pathologies. Emerging evidence pos

Highlights Reconstructed and curated of the genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) of  Fusobacterium nucleatum Experimental data used to refine and validate the GEM, including biomass formulation with BOFdat (Biomass Objective Function from experimental data) Integrated transcriptomic data to build context-specific metabolic models Metabolic rewiring links  F. nucleatum  adaptation to colorectal cancer (CRC) context Provides a systems framework to explore host-microbe metabolic i

Highlights A novel virus system rEBV-VSV was developed realizing efficient and native EBV entry via multi-synergetic glycoproteins with sensitive bioluminescence detection. rEBV-VSV was especially competent for rapid and high-throughput entry-inhibition evaluation of drugs, antibodies, or sera and accurate study of EBV entry mechanisms via flexible mutations or recombination on rEBV-VSV. Glycoprotein 42 (gp42) was found to mediate diverse functions of an important mutation L6

Highlights Genome catalog of 4,098  B. infantis  and  B. longum  shows distinct biogeography and ecology B. infantis  is depleted in Westernized populations but highly common in LMIC infants Massively expanded  B. infantis  diversity and functions are absent from current probiotics Geo-specific strain library informs diet- and population-tailored infant probiotic design Summary Bifidobacterium longum  and  B. infantis  are pioneer colonizers of the neonatal gut and are widely

D EMENTIA IS tragically  common among the elderly. In 2021 57m people worldwide were thought to have the condition. Ageing is a risk factor for many other ailments too, ranging from chronic inflammation to a decline in organ function. A growing body of work, however, suggests that simply taking a course of the shingles vaccine can meaningfully slow the decline. The new data, from a range of countries, suggests that it cuts risk by 20%. Shingles is a painful skin condition cau

Highlights Administration of the bacteriophage cocktail at a high MOI reduced APEC-induced morbidity and mortality by 20-30% in laying hens, validating its potential as an antimicrobial alternative. The oral route (drinking water) demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared to intramuscular injection, resulting in the complete absence of macroscopic lesions and a noticeable reduction in median histopathological scores, particularly in the spleen. The administered phag

A  sexually transmitted infections  ( STI ) is a  disease  which  spreads  by having  sex . STIs can spread through  oral sex  or  anal sex , or when two people's  genitals  touch. STIs can be caused by  viruses ,  bacteria , or  parasites . Examples of the most common STIs are listed on this page. Types of STDs STIs caused by viruses Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Main article:  Human immunodeficiency virus HIV causes the  immune system  - the system in the body that is

Highlights Meta-analysis of 11,115 gut metagenomes links uncultured species to human health Healthy individuals show enrichment and greater diversity of uncultured bacteria The genus CAG-170 contains uncultured taxa with the strongest health signatures CAG-170 is ecologically important in healthy populations Summary The human gut microbiome is important for host health, yet over 60% of gut species remain uncultured and inaccessible to experimental manipulation. Here, we analy

Highlights Severe IAV infection imparts a long-lasting decline in cardiac function Atypical GMP-independent CD319+ pro-DC3s transport infectious IAV to cardiomyocytes Direct IFN-I signaling on cardiomyocytes drives cardiac dysfunction mod-mRNA delivery of dominant-negative IFNAR1 on cardiomyocytes ameliorates damage Summary Abundant evidence has correlated influenza infection with cardiovascular disease, yet mechanisms linking infection with the heart remain poorly understood

Highlights Three NlpC/P60 endopeptidases identified in  Deinococcus radiodurans CwlA is essential for cell viability and cell wall integrity CwlB is involved in cell septation whereas CwlC is dispensable Regulatory link between CwlA expression and the genotoxic stress response pathway ABSTRACT The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidogylcane (PG), a sugar polymer cross-linked by short peptide stems. PG determines cell morphology and protects it from environmental stresse

Highlights We have discovered an alternative mechanism mediated by insoluble dietary fiber that contributes to the prevention of colorectal tumorigenesis, potentially accounting for the paradoxical role of SCFAs. Microbial enzyme encoded by K12373 promotes tumorigenic glycosphingolipid GM3 production, which can be suppressed by high-fiber diet. As a key node in glycosphingolipid metabolism, K12373 directs metabolic flux primarily towards the GM3 branch and, to a lesser extent

Abstract Porphyromonas gingivalis  is a keystone pathogen in periodontitis, known for its ability to invade gingival epithelial cells and persist intracellularly. Conventional antimicrobials are often ineffective against intracellular pathogens, and natural products remain poorly explored in this context. Here, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of  Boswellia serrata  extract and its bioactive compounds on the dynamics of  P. gingivalis  infection in human gingival epi

Highlights Chickpea oligosaccharides are broadly utilized by gut commensal bacteria. Algal polysaccharide use is limited to specific Bacteroidota species. Algae and chickpea fibers enhance short-chain faty acid production. Transcriptomics reveal coordinated genes for raffinose metabolism. Abstract Diet is a key driver of gut microbiome functions, largely via microbial fermentation of dietary fibers. We investigated how 15 human gut commensals from Bacteroidota, Bacillota, and

Chronic inflammation can be a silent killer, but your diet can play a role in tamping it down.   Experts sometimes describe inflammation as a necessary evil. On one hand, this essential immune system response helps you stay safe and heal from illnesses, though it isn’t always pleasant: often causing symptoms like redness, swelling and soreness. But when inflammation levels in your body remain high for months or years at a time — even in the absence of a threat — it can create